A family is a primary institution in the order which has dynamic organization, and it oft proceeds peculiarly when its members facea crisis situation. The family's efforts and success to rise from crisis situations are known as family resilience. The purpose of writing this articleis to get better understanding about family resilience every bit a whole concept. This article is based on a review of literature and journals obtained fromvarious sources. The investigation is conducted through the official websites of Google Scholar, PROQUEST, Research Gate, SAGE Publisherand Blackwell Publisher. The results of reviewing the literatures reveal that family resilience is a growing concept. Equally a concept, family resiliencecan be seen as trait (nature) and process. The trait review says that family resilience is strongly influenced by several protective factors as theprimary key that a family unit can revive after experiencing adversity. The perspective of family resilience as a procedure explains that family resilienceis built past the success of families using coping strategies to cope with the stressors in their lives. Meanwhile, the framework of family unit resilienceis built through the theory of systems in the family which combines ecological and developmental perspectives. These perspectives are used toview family unit functions in relation to sociocultural contexts and multi-dimensional family life circles. The perspectives are then widely developedin researches on family resilience. Well-nigh studies show that at that place are many factors that bulldoze a family unit to attain a post-crunch resilience condition.This factor is called a protection factor. Researches are besides interested in revealing protection gene and risk factors that cause a family tocontinuously be in a crisis situation. Very limited researches that have been conducted in developing a cultural dimension are able to describehow a family achieves resilient conditions in a way that is distinctive or indigenous in accordance with the environmental conditions in which thefamily resides. Keywords: Family resilience, concept of family resilience, perspective of family resilience, research on family resilience

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Family Resilience: A Conceptual Review

Ike Herdiana, Suryanto & Due southeger Handoyo

Faculty of Psychology University of Airlangga Surabaya

ike.herdiana@psikologi.unair.ac.id

Abstract. A family is a primary institution in the society which has dynamic organisation, and it frequently gain specially when its members confront

a crisis situation. The family's efforts and success to rise from crisis situations are known equally family unit resilience. The purpose of writing this article

is to go better understanding about family resilience as a whole concept. This article is based on a review of literature and journals obtained from

diverse sources. The investigation is conducted through the official websites of Google Scholar, PROQUEST, Research Gate, SAGE Publisher

and Blackwell Publisher. The results of reviewing the literatures reveal that family resilience is a growing concept. As a concept, family resilience

can be seen as trait (nature) and process. The trait review says that family unit resilience is strongly influenced by several protective factors as the

primary cardinal that a family tin can revive afterwards experiencing adversity. The perspective of family resilience as a process explains that family resilience

is built by the success of families using coping strategies to cope with the stressors in their lives. Meanwhile, the framework of family resilience

is congenital through the theory of systems in the family which combines ecological and developmental perspectives. These perspectives are used to

view family unit functions in relation to sociocultural contexts and multi-dimensional family unit life circles. The perspectives are and then widely adult

in researches on family resilience. Nearly studies show that at that place are many factors that drive a family unit to reach a mail-crisis resilience condition.

This factor is called a protection factor. Researches are likewise interested in revealing protection cistron and gamble factors that cause a family unit to

continuously be in a crisis state of affairs. Very limited researches that have been conducted in developing a cultural dimension are able to describe

how a family achieves resilient conditions in a way that is distinctive or indigenous in accordance with the ecology conditions in which the

family unit resides.

Keywords: Family resilience, concept of family resilience, perspective of family resilience, inquiry on family resilience.

INTRODUCTION

Problems and difficulties are inevitability exist in human

life. None of human being in this world lives without

issues and difficulties. Individuals will experience the

difficulties in a diversity of ways. Some individuals tin quickly

rise upward and reflect on the difficulties that they take

experienced, just there are many individuals who allow

themselves to be 'destroyed' past the inability to resolve

difficulties or notice information technology difficult to revive their lives. The

condition is popularly known as resilience. Since the 1970s,

the focus of health-related researches has shifted from

investigating diseases, deficits, or vulnerability to examining

individual strengths, assuming individuals are seen equally having

the resources to enable them to solve their own problems.

Resilience every bit a concept has received swell attention in the

tradition of developing this individual strength. Referring to

its historical roots, the concept of resilience is classified into

two disciplines, namely the scientific discipline of physiology and

psychology. This concept is then known and adult

primarily in developmental psychopathology inquiry which

shows that there is a grouping of children who remain capable of

performance their strengths optimally in high-run a risk families.

And then in the 1990s, the concept of resilience was acceptabldue east to

researchers in science who learned about stress and how the

family unit copes with stress, emphasizing individual and family

efforts in coping with the stressors. That is why resilience is

one of the themes included in positive psychology, as it

elevates the power and potential of the individual to rising from

adversity.

As a concept, resilience is and then viewed from several

perspectives. The perspectives of resilience concept accept

evolved since the concept was firstly introduced equally a

construct at the family level. In the traditional view, family

resilience is the sum of the resilience performed past family

members. A contemporary perspective views family

resilience past emphasizing the relational nature of the family

equally a unit. The perspective also views the relational process

that facilitates the survival and growth of families nether

unfavorable weather. The great change that has taken place

in the evolution of the concept of family resilience is a

different perspective on family unit resilience every bit a trait and family unit

resilience equally a process. Researchers then make ii divisions

in their investigation. McCubbin and McCubbin investigate

family resilience from a dimensional point of view, the nature

of the family to have resistance to crunch situations. On the

other hand, equally a researcher, Patterson uses the concept of

family resilience through a process perspective which focuses

on the family unit'south ability to actively mobilize forces during a

crisis, which allows the family unit to re-part its organisation into

the initial condition as before the family experience the

stressor or crisis. However, current researches on family

resilience tend to emphasize interaction from the point of

view of nature and process, in order to results in a holistic

understanding.

Resilience has become an important concept in theories

and researches related to child evolution and mental health.

Moving the perspective of resilience from the private level

to the family level surely comes with certain reason. However,

focusing too much on the resilience experienced by

individuals who can survive in families that has lost their

functions will blind the researchers and practitioners to find

out the factors affecting resilience in families or couples

(Walsh, 1996). When nosotros await at individual resilience in a

relational context, we will be able to find that resilience

appears in a child who are able to overcome their difficulties

due to the support and protection given by at least one parent

or an adult in his environment. All the tough kids in Kauai

study accept at least i person in their lives who accepts them

unconditionally. It is important for them to know that there is

someone who can support them to do their business organization and

develop their competence and self-esteem. In addition,

Werner notes that all the studies around the globe, focusing

on children with life problems and difficulties, constitute that

developed'south intendance and companionship during difficult moments hequally

the most significantly positive issue on children's' growth

and development. In addition, accommodation is besides influenced by

experience, which is socially synthetic (Gergen, 1990).

Another expert, such as Kagan (1984) institute that the

consequences of significant emotional experiences, such as

the absence of a male parent or bitter divorce, depend heavily on

how the child interprets the event. Kagan is one of several

3rd Association of southeast asian nations Conference on Psychology, Counseling and Humanities (AC-PCH 2017)

Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Printing.

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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Enquiry, book 133

researchers who see families as having a positive mediating

influence, through the transmission of perceptions and

understanding of what is happening to them. Indeed, family

relationship is always seen every bit a most reasonable gene of

protection given for its members. Some traumatized people

tin can have the capacity to rise up and feel resilience

although they have ineffective family and parenting systems

(Gold, 2001, Hooper, 2008). Moreover, the family system

may be a risk cistron for individuals during childhood and

become a protective factor as they grow up in the aforementioned

individual. In other words, the family system tin can be very

dynamic particularly when information technology is associated with how the

individual deals with the problems he or she encounters in

their lives. Many factors develop along with the function of a

family for the individual. These factors will exist reviewed in

several ways in this article, through both reviewing

conceptual literature and previous studies that have been

conducted in relation with family unit resilience.

This article was written to get amend understanding virtually

family resilience every bit a whole concept based on the specific

questions that has been formulated by the researchers, which

includes: (one) family resilience every bit a concept; (two) determinant

factor of family resilience; (three) perspective in understanding

family unit resilience; (4) challenges in family resilience research.

METHODS

This article is based on a review of 24 literatures and

journals obtained from various sources. The data were

collected by reviewing the official websites of Google

Scholar, PROQUEST, Research Gate, SAGE Publisher and

Blackwell Publisher. Each article is selected based on specific

questions compiled by the author as a showtime step in

understanding family unit resilience as a concept. These specific

questions include: (one) family resilience every bit a concept; (2)

determinant factor of family resilience; (3) perspective in

understanding family resilience; (iv) challenges in family

resilience research. Data related to the 4 specific

questions is collected for further reading. The next pace is

conducting identification of the main themes presented by the

literatures. The information collected from each article are so

sorted according to the specific question, and the content is

analyzed in order to see its suitability. The less related themes

are temporarily separated and non included as role of the

analyses. Withal, whenever the researcher find a theme

which provide new information, although it is outside the

specific questions formulated, the researchers will keep the

data along with the main theme.

RESULTS

Family Resilience as A Concept

Family resilience as a concept has developed very rapidly.

The development of this concept is based on the number of

family resilience studies conducted in a diversity of settings. It

has been previously explained that at that place are two

classifications that provide complete understanding about

family unit resilience that views resilience as a trait and a process.

In its development, these 2 perspectives are now able to

collaborate to produce a complete, thorough understanding of

family resilience.

Family resilience can be seen equally a trait, meaning we can

see the protective factor as the principal key for the family to

survive and ascent from adversity. This protective factor is

plant within the family, in the form of positive traits that tin can

encourage families to ascension out of the crisis. McCubbin and

McCubbin (1988) define family resilience as family

characteristics, dimensions and abilities in helping families to

solve problems past finding solution and increasing the

adaptability of family members with the crisis situations.

Family resilience is a family effort that is followed by

adaptability and success in facing pressure, both problems

come up in the present and future. Resilient families can respond

positively to these conditions in a fashion that is typical, context-

dependent, developmental level, the interaction between

protection and gamble factors and the family'south perspective on the

problem. (Hawley and DeHaan, 1996). Characteristics and

dimensions in the family unit is known as a family trait.

Everything volition piece of work well in accordance with the context of

the problems encountered. Family unit trauma is also described every bit

a blueprint of positive behavior, the functioning power of

individuals and families that arise nether stressful situations,

in an try to recover past maintaining integrity every bit a unit and

restoring well-beingness family members and family as a whole

(McCubbin and McCubbin, 1996). In addition, Barnard (1994)

also uses the term family characteristics as the family capital letter

for resilience. The emphasis of protective factors as a family

trait is also biased on the definition of family unit resilience as a

family characteristic associated with the family'south ability to

encourage individual resilience (Gilded, 2001, Hooper, 2008).

In addition, the system in the family tin can also be a risk factor

for family members during childhood and become a

protective cistron in the futurity when the same individual has

matured. Recent studies begin to shift from studies of

individual resilience to family resilience (Walsh, 1996, nineteen98).

McCubbin & Patterson (1982) and Patterson (2002) even

draw elements of family warmth, family unit affection,

emotional support, entry as a trait in the family. McCubbin

and McCubbin (2001) say that family unit resilience is a

combination of patterns of positive behavior and the

functioning of the competencies that each individual has in

the family and family as a unit. Positive attitudes and

private competencies are needed to respond to stressful

and detrimental weather condition. It besides determines the ability of

the family to recover by maintaining its integrity while

maintaining and improving the welfare of family members

and family unit units as a whole.

In add-on to some experts who believe on the trait point

of view described previously, many other researchers argue

that family unit resilience is a process. The procedure perspective

explains that family resilience is built by the success of

families using coping strategies during life'southward transition, stress

or facing adversity (Mc.Cubbin & McCubbin, 1988, 1996).

Activities undertaken in the family unit run every bit a process, from

meeting with problems to efforts to overcome them. Family

responses to face up crunch situations are not a unmarried response,

but the results of combination of many components that make

families experience stronger, more than empowered and more confident

in developing their problem-solving abilities (Christiansen,

Christiansen, & Howard 1997; HI McCubbin & MA

McCubbin, 1988; Patterson, 2002). Moreover, another expert

who believe in the process point of view is Walsh (2003),

who defines resilience as the ability to survive and rise from

crisis or adversity. Walsh describes it through a dynamic

process including positive adaptation towards the crisis.

Resilience makes the family develop a positive response to

the crisis state of affairs and it encourages families to recover and

develop based on the feel of adversity that has been

experienced. Family resilience refers to the capacity of

families to rebuild from adversity to get stronger and

more empowered. Therefore, it can be said that resilience is

an active process of edifice, improving, and optimizing

positive responses to crises and challenges (Walsh, 2006).

Walsh sees resilience as a dynamic process, meaning that

in that location are components that all move in a clear management,

reaching the power of the family to go out of trouble. The

problem itself can be viewed in two means: (1) every bit a challenge;

or (2) as a risk or crisis. These two perspectives of problem

will decide how the family unit proceeds to maintain its

Advances in Social Science, Pedagogy and Humanities Research, book 133

function and improve its ability to overcome problems that

they experience at present and in the futurity. From 1996 onwards,

Froma Walsh is a person who consistently develops the

concept of family unit resilience through his studies and

researches. Walsh considers much of the concept that has

been exist and makes the concept more consummate with the

dimensions of family resilience. Family resilience besides

contributes to the country and well-beingness of the family unit and is

able to provide protection to difficulties that will undermine

family functioning (Heru & Ryan, 2006).

Determinant Factors that Build Family Resilience

Family resilience is built by many factors. Masten and

Coatsworth (1998) reveal several factors that can build

resilience in the family unit: (1) the length of adverse situations

faced by the family unit; (2) the stage of life when families meet

challenges or crises; (3) sources of internal or external

support that families use during a challenge or crisis. In this

case, Masten and Coatsworth looks at the process of how

families can deal with and overcome the crisis based on the

characteristics of the existing stressors, how families can

develop with different processes adjusted with the level of

difficulties they experience, and how families face the

problems using the existing social back up. It is as well used by

McCubbin & McCubbin (1993) in explaining the protective

and recovery factors as factors that build family resilience.

Protection factors are used by families to maintain family

integrity and office. This protection factor comes from

many ways, and information technology is highly depenparing on the procedure of the

family using it. In addition, recovery factor is used when

families face up challenges and this is used by families to rising up

from crisis situations. In this case, the recovery process

shown past the family also play a significant role in explaining

how the family unit employ this recovery factor to overcome the

issues encountered.

Meanwhile, the arrangement arroyo in the family is used by

Walsh (1998, 2003) to describe how belief systems,

organizational processes and advice or problem

solving processes piece of work in family unit systems. The family is seen

as a unit in which the organisation works to remain functioning

properly. The family unit belief systalk involves the views and

approaches the family unit has in crunch situations, which and then

affect the potential solutions taken (Walsh, 1998). A positive

belief system focuses on how to overcome difficulties through

trouble resolution, see the linkage and potential for growth,

assuasive families to unite and see the situation as a "normal"

life challenges. Under normal circumstances, families are able

to evaluate the potential of resources and create positive

views and expectations. The 2nd main procedure is

organizational processes, a factor that focuses on promoting

family resilience through the flexibility, connexion, and

identification of bachelor resources (Walsh, 1998). The third

process is communication or problem solving processes

which focuses on developing open communication within the

family, which is believed to increase the level of trust and

common respect and information technology also assistance the family to accept the

differences between family members and the freedom to

express emotions (Walsh, 1998). Then Walsh (2003) presents

a concept map framework to identify and explain key family unit

processes that can reduce stress in overcoming high-hazard

situations, healing, rising up from the crunch and strengthening

family bounding to face adversity over the long term. This

theory is the footing of 2 key premises: (1) the private is

someone who will understand and acquire many things from the

family environment and social globe; (2) the whole family

has the potential for resilience and this principle can be

maximized by identifying and building the primal strengths and

resource inside the family (Walsh, 1998). Adjacent Oh and

Chang (2014) and Black and Lobo (2008) conducted inquiry

on factors that congenital family resilience based on iii primal

family unit resilience processes developed by Walsh. The results

bear witness that family unit resilience factors as proposed by Walsh

announced in the context examined by Oh and Chang (2014) and

Black and Lobo (2008).

Co-ordinate to Black and Lobo (2008), every family,

regardless of the ethnic, has differences in family resilience,

setbacks, and severity of take a chance. In that location is no fundamental factor, the most

constructive protective and recovery factors a family can take.

Nevertheless, recent research reviews and literature accept

identified the prominent attributes of resilient and healthy

families. These factors include: positive outlook, spirituality,

harmonious family members, flexibility, family unit

advice, financial management, family time,

recreation, routine and ritual, and social back up.

Table 1. Characteristics of Family Resilience,

Protection Factors and Recovery Factors

Confidence and optimism, repertoire of

approaches, sense of humor

Shared interval value system that gives

meaning to stressors

Family member accord

Cohesion;

Cohesion, nurturance, authoritative

discipline, avoidance of hostile parental

conflict

Stable family roles with situational and

developmental adjustments

Clarity, open emotional expression, and

collaborative problem solving

Financial management

Sound

Sound money management, family warmth

despite financial issues

Creates togetherness with daily tasks

Develops child social and cognitive skills;

cohesion and adaptability

Embedded activities that promote close

family relationships; maintenance even

during family crisis

Individual, familial, and community

networks to share resources; especially

important for families in poverty

*Source : A Conceptual Review of Family Resilience Factors

(Black&Lobo, 2008)

System Theory to Understand Family Resilience

An of import argument expressed by Walsh (xix96), as

i of the experts who developed the concept of family

resilience, is that the family resilience framework is built

through family systems theory which is a combination of

ecological and developmental perspectives. The perspective is

used to view family functions in relation to sociocultural

contexts and multi-dimensional family life circles. The

ecological or sociocultural perspective considers resilience

closely related to the larger individual factors, families and

social systems of lodge. Individual bug can arise from

biological, psychological, social and spiritual orientations.

The symptoms of distress experienced by individuals can

come from biological aspects, such as severe pain or

neurological disorders. Problems can also arise due to the

influence of sociocultural variables, such every bit poverty and

discrimination experienced by families and communities that

are at high risk for the emergence of problems.

The symptoms of family members may arise because of

events that comprise crises, such as sexual violence, tragic loss,

or the consequences of disasters on a large scale. Stress

experienced by the family will be exacerbated by family

failure in overcoming the unpleasant situation. Families, peer

groups, communities, schools, workplaces and other social

systems are the ones that will back up resilience. The holistic

or multi-dimensional arroyo discusses about context

variation, identifies key elements in a crisis situation and sees

it through a particular, unique perspective, resources and

Advances in Social Scientific discipline, Education and Humanities Research, book 133

challenges that the family has. This bespeak of view is besides

necessary to consider the condition of children and adults

who have an consequence on risk factors and protection against the

awakening of resilience. This is supported by

Bronfenbrenner's (1979) assertion which views that family,

peer groups, school or work arrangements, and larger social

systems can be seen every bit a means of viewing social competence.

This social competence will aid the individual in solving all

issues or crises faced. Seligman (1990) recognizes that

positive views need to be encouraged in an environmental

context. Living weather condition must offer rewards and

achievements. Experiences such every bit violence, or job loss

despite good performance, can lead to cynicism and despair.

Rutter (1987) warns that in order to understand and encourage

psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms, we must

know the interaction betwixt things that happen within the

family unit and the things that happen to the political, economical,

social, and racial climate in which individuals develop.

Understanding family resilience can likewise exist seen from a

developmental perspective. Rather than just discussing about

a prepare of trait, or attributes that already exist, the ability of

individuals to accommodate and cope with the difficulties they

encounter can be done by observing everything in multi-

process, from fourth dimension to time. Many forms of psychosocial stress

are not as simple as nosotros meet, fifty-fifty small but complex stimuli

can change the past and future history of theastward individuals

(Rutter, 1987). Our success in dealing with increasingly

circuitous bug over the time is not adamant by a single

coping response, because the most of import is that we are

able to use various coping strategies to find challenges from

the difficulties we face (Pearline & Schooler, 1978). A written report

constitute that risk factors do not necessarily make people

difficult to adapt, nor brand a person predicted to survive

(Felsman & Vaillant, 1987). Garmezy (1987) conducted a

report to understand the three components that describe the

relationship of psychosocial and biological factors in

formulating adaptability in stressful situations. The three

components are: (1) vulnerability or predisposition; (two)

conditions that go trigger or potentially cause stress; and

(iii) protective factors that support resilience during stress and

support a person's power to withstand the stress that they

feel. By the fourth dimension, the process then incorporates larger

private, family and social environment factors to build

resilience and the success of a person overcoming the

problem and then as to avoid family dysfunction or disturbance.

Stages of development will provide a balance betwixt

stressful events with protective mechanisms that can increase

resilience. The influence of family unit, peers, and greater social

strength can also be found at every stage of evolution. The

orientation of the family life circle sees the family every bit a system

on which during the lifetime volition movement frontwards for all family

members and through generations. Essential developmental

perspectives for understanding and supporting family

resilience include: (i) families accept varied ways of building

resilience and overcoming challenges over time; (ii)

accumulating stressors tin make families overwhelmed; (3)

the affect of the crisis experienced by the family varies

greatly in relation to the timing of crisis in the life cycle of

individuals and families; (4) family past experience in

responding and facing difficulties tin can exist used as reference to

face up of adversity or may serve every bit a model for survival in theastward

nowadays or future.

Challenges on Researches about Family unit Resilience

In essence, studies conducted past experts or scientists who

have a not bad interest in family unit studies take the aforementioned goal of

testing, verifying or strengthening a concept or construct. The

definition or limitation of a concept or construct may be

developed and exist more detailed in accordance with the latest

findings of the research results on the concept / construct.

Recent research on resilience appears to be shifting from

individual resilience to family resilience (Walsh, 1996, xix98).

During this menses, resilience is oft predicted to occur only

at the individual level, despite the context of family

dysfunction. Whereas family resilience when viewed

systemically, can likewise be associated with efforts to strengthen

individuals and families. In the context of resilience, family-

related factors are non always related to family difficulties or

traumas, just also other elements such as warmth, affection,

and emotional support in the family (McCubbin & Patterson,

1982; Patterson, 2002). Although a kid frequently gets violence

in his family unit, the elements of the family may remain. Thus, a

child may remain resilient despite the standing misfortune.

Walsh (1998) argues that if parents cannot provide a positive

climate, relationships with other members of the family, such

equally older siblings, grandparents, and other relatives can serve a

missing family function. Walsh's stance is in line with

Werner and Smith's research experience (1970). Lietz (in

Becvar, 2013) writes that early on resilient research was heavily

influenced by Werner and Smith (2001) who for 40 years

studied high-chance teenagers. The researchers conducted a

longitudinal study followed by 698 babies born on Kauai

Island inside ane year. One-3rd of the samples were identified

equally loftier-risk. Such children (a) experience perinatal stress, (b)

are born in poverty, and (c) are raised in disputed family,

parental, addictive, or mental health conditions. Samples from

adolescent participants are then assessed every ten years. This

study uncovered a prepare of emerging protective factors, such as

maintaining a human relationship with at to the lowest degree i caring adult, who

helped many of these children to successfully overcome

challenges and eventually developed into well-functioning.

Most important in this study is how nosotros are encouraged to

examine how risk factors and protectors work together for

better functioning (Garmezy, 1993; Garmezy, Masten, &

Tellegen, 1984; Luthar, 1991; Masten & Coatsworth, 1998).

These studies then call us a conclusion that private success

to overcome difficulties is adamant by two actors, personal

traits and protective factors in family unit and social context

(Werner, 1993; Wetner & Smith, 1992).

Further researches on family resilience are increasingly

appeared. Some instruments that support the enquiry are

explained by the researchers in clear stages of construction. In

add-on, this family resilience research is also observed in

many contexts and methodologies. Some of the studies

reviewed in this article are based on their context,

methodology and instruments.

Advances in Social Scientific discipline, Education and Humanities Enquiry, volume 133

Table 2. Review of the Previous Researches Based on Context, Methodology and Instruments

Psychometric properties of the Family

Resilience Cess Calibration:A Singaporean

perspective. Chew, J & Haase,A.M.,2016

(FRAS), (RSS) , Illness Severity

Family unit functioning, resilience, and depression

among North Korean refugees Nam, B., et al.,

2016

Korean version of Family Adaptability and

Cohesion Evaluation Scale, Korean

version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience

Calibration, The Korean version of the Center

for Epidemiologic Studies Low

Living with a parent with dementia : A family unit

resilience study Deist,et. al.,2017

FACI8, F-COPES, FHI,

FPSC,FTR,RFS,SSI; interview semi-

structured interview to 21 participants

Empowering The 'Cheerers' : Role of

Surgical Intensive Care Unit Nurses in

Enhancing Family unit Resilience (Ellis, L et

al.,2017)

Resilience in families in which a member has

been diagnosed with schizophrenia

(Bishop,K&Greef, A.P,2015)

FACI8, FHI, FTRI, SSI, F-COPES,FPSC,

RFS, Open Interview

Family unit Resilience and Midlife Marital

Satisfaction (Huber,C.H. et al.,2010)

Various cultures from

America

Families of Children With Down Syndrome::

Responding a Change in Plans With

Resilience. (Riper,M.V.,2007)

Individual Adaptation, Family Adaptation,

Family Demands, FILE,Firm, FPSC, F-

COPES

Male person prisoners' family relationships and

resilience in resettlement. (Markson,50. et al.,

2015)

Resilience model for parents of children with

cancer in mainland Mainland china-An exploratory

report. (Ye,Z.J. et all, 2017)

Resilience Model for Parents of Children

with Cancer (RMP-CC)

Living with a parent with dementia : A family

resilience study. Deist et al., 2015)

Western Cape, S

Afrika

Mixed Method Cross

Sectional

FACI8, F-COPES, FHI, FPSC,FTRI,

RFS,SSI, semi structured interview

Natural Disasters : An Assessment of Family

Resiliency Following Hurricane Katrina

(Harkbart,M., Pavkov,T.,

Wetchler,J.,Flannery, M., 2012)

Resilience of Immature Women as Human

Trafficking

Victims (Yunita Sari and Khairunnisa, 2014)

Scale of resilience and Semi Structured

Interview based on Grothberg Theory.

Family Resilience in families where a parent

has a mental illness (Ability,dkk, 2016)

Caucasian

Australia/British/Europe

Cultivating Resilience in Families Who

Foster : Understanding How Families Cope

and Adapt Over Time (Lietz,C.A., Julien-

Chinn, F.J., Geiger, J.Thousand., Piel, M.H., 2016).

Narrative Interview and open ended

questionnaire

Qualitative Report of Resilience of Family

Caregivers for Patients with Schizophrenia in

Nihon (Amagai,M.,Takakashi,One thousand.,Amagai,F.,

2016)

Phenomenological Interview

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, book 133

Based on the commodity and journal review of previous

researches on family resilience, it can be explained that

researches on family resilience can be applied in diverse

contexts. The resilient researches take been conducted in

developed and developing countries, as well as in a

multiethnic country. In add-on, the methodology used in the

researches is also varied, some researches but utilise one

inquiry methodology, merely the bulk of the researches were

conducted using mixed method. Similarly, the instruments

used in the researches are varied and show rapid evolution.

Some instruments are adult with high validity and

reliability in order to really measure the conditions to be

measured. Some others likewise apply qualitative inquiry information

collection techniques which are non only limited to in-depth

interviews simply also through the activities of Focus Grouping

Discussion (FGD).

The subjects of the studies on family unit resilience were

chosen co-ordinate to the research objectives. What makes

these studies more interesting is the bug or difficulties

experienced by the subjects do non depend on ane type of

arduousness, but in many types of misfortunes perceived as

stressors, such every bit stress on certain occupations (e.g. nurses

and caregivers) married couples, and inmates. About of the

researches are conducted in families in which one of their

family members has degenerative hurting, congenital defects,

and severe mental illness. The results show that many factors

are associated or emerged as new findings which can create

family resilience.

In addition, several studies of family unit resilience compiled

by Anne I.H.Borge, Frosso Motti-Stefanidi, Ann Due south.Masten

(2016) show that in high-take a chance environments, it was found that

protection is the virtually frequently appeared family unit functions.

The researchers focus on investigating resilience on the

selected samples with high-hazard lives, but protective factors

could not be detected. The study discusses how protection

factors work to improve family unit function and how it causes the

risks or difficulties get worse due to the accumulated risks

experienced by some families (Borge, et.al, 2016). Some other

study was conducted by Anagnostaki and colleagues who

conducted a cross-sectional written report by comparing the academic

achievement of immigrant adolescents from Albania who

moved to high schoolhouse with their mostly Greek teenage friends

and explained the office of personal differences (self-efficacy

and locus of control) and family factors (parental school

involvement, father and mother education, parental support)

in measuring divergencesouthward in individual and group achievement.

The results point that personal and family resources are

correlated with academic achievement, regardless the

immigrant status the subjects have. Immigrant status and depression

social condition are all the same seen as distinctive hazard factors for

students with low bookish achievement. (Borge, et.al, 2016)

Several studies have been conducted using family

resilience variables as the main variables, extracted from

component analysis of sociocultural context, theoretical

framework, attributes, antecedents (stressor and facilitator)

and the consequences analyzed past Oh and Chang (2014). The

goal is to analyze the status of family resilience concept for

other research needs in the futurity. The information were collected

from half dozen electronic databases through the searching primal discussion

'family resilience'. After collecting the data, the data sources

selected are 17 quantitative researches, 17 qualitative

researches and 4 mixed research methods. The results of the

analysis show that at that place are half-dozen dimensions in family unit

resilience, namely: (1) collective beliefs; (2) connexion;

(3) a positive way of life; (4) total empowerment, including

obtaining support from others and having the ability to

identify and provide support to others; (five) open

communication pattern; (6) able to solve problems

collaboratively. Meanwhile, there are three ancestor

variables which are institute to influence family resilience,

namely: (one) credence of disequilibrium condition; (2)

spirituality / belief / religiosity system; (3) family strength

when experiencing large bug. Analysis is also carried out

on the consequences of family resilience which include: (1)

credence of the situation; (two) change in the way of viewing

life; (iii) quality improvement in relation; (four) reinforcement of

the backdrop that promote resilience; (five) increase the

outcomes associated with efforts to stay salubrious. Interestingly

from Oh and Chang'south assay, this nowadays study tries to

elaborate the data obtained comprehensively. The antecedent

dimensions and variables are taken from studies using

quantitative methods, while data on the consequences of

family resilience are practical in qualitative researches. Both

techniques will provide meaning results that volition help future

researchers to examine family resilience more

comprehensively.

Give-and-take

As a concept, family resilience can be seen as trait (nature)

and procedure. The trait review says that family unit resilience is

strongly influenced by some protective factors as the primary

central that a family tin can revive after experiencing adversity. This

protective factor comes from inside the family, in the form of

positive traits that tin can encourage families to rise out of the

crisis. The bespeak of view of family unit resilience as a process

explains that family unit resilience is built past the success of

families using coping strategies to cope with the stressors that

they encountered in their lives. All activities undertaken in the

family work every bit a procedure, beginning with the first time to

run across problems to attempt to overcome them. Family

responses in crisis situations are the interaction of many

components that make families feel stronger, more

empowered and more than confident in developing their trouble-

solving abilities. However, family unit resilience cannot be

viewed from a unmarried point of view. However, the positive

factors that come up from families will interact with each other

into a procedure of how resilience develops in a family unit.

Therefore, it seems less appropriate if we carve up the

discussion on each view.

Family resilience is built considering of several factors such

every bit the length of a family experiencing adverse situations, the

stages of family life when they have to deal with crunch and

social support received past the family during the crisis. In

addition, the factors disclosed by Walsh (1998) include belief

system factors, organizational processes and communication /

trouble solving processes. These three factors work in a

organisation called family. These factors are evolving alongrand with

the emergence of many studies related to family unit resilience

variables. Moreover, the electric current inquiry on family resilience

has been widely developed in various contexts and

methodologies. Unfortunately, the researchers cannot provide

more comprehensive explanation on how the cultural

background encourages the formation of family resilience in a

distinctive and indigenous way. A sociocultural perspective is

one way of looking at how resilience tin can be built within a

family. This allows family resilience to be explained through

the mechanism or process used past the family unit to cope with the

problem experienced, and how they select the coping

strategies appropriately to the condition of their lives. Social

support received by the family on a particular setting or

civilization should likewise exist able to provide more than specific information. This

will enrich the report of family resilience as a grand and whole

concept.

The report of family resilience should likewise be the basis for

developing an intervention of how to strengthen family unit

functions. It tin can be applied not only in families with high

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 133

living risk, but also for families with a normal life. Dynamics

within the family are very probable to cause a change of

orientation that causes the family unit to be dysfunctional and

affect other family members. Currently, families can exist the

protection factor, but it will not stay longer. In the future, a

family can also exist a adventure gene. However, private efforts to

go resilient to the crisis are due to family support.

Similarly, family system will exist not stable equally individuals

experience a crunch. Efforts to intervene volition be directed at

strengthening relations and consistency in fostering social

support within the family unit itself. Thus, the concept of family unit

resilience is not merely established by the results of scientific

researches but as well by the empirical feel gained from

practitioners' notes experienced by families, peculiarly when

they are in crisis situation.

CONCLUSION

This conceptual review of family resilience leads to an

sensation that research needs to exist conducted in various

settings to reinforce this concept. Some of the studies

reviewed by the authors are however dominated by researches in

the field of health, although there are also researches in the

field of chore and social context. Family resilience has a

multidimensional concept that continues to grow rapidly in

accordance with the many results of researches on the concept.

Cultural differences and other demographic factors are

important to be examined more deeply in gild to become a

comprehensive picture and details on how a family tin can revive

afterward experiencing arduousness. The researchers consider the

importance of explaining how protective factors work well in

the family to produce healthy family atmospheric condition and what

effective coping strategies should be practical in order to

overcome the life issues. Family dynamics such as family unit

members' positive responses to bargain with stressors have a

great touch on on the family's ability to cope with crisis

situations, and this is strongly influenced by the socio-cultural

factors in which the family unit lives. Thus, the concept of family

resilience will feel dynamic changes because it is

accompanied by specific and distinctive conditions that occur

in families, especially when they face less favorable situations.

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Advances in Social Science, Didactics and Humanities Research, volume 133

... The interactions between the family unit members can be very dynamic when information technology is associated with how the members deal with the problems in their lives. 52 The people change when they successfully cope with life changing events. ...

... Stability, which can be established past developing an everyday routine, will balance friction of young adults returning, and create a "safe" cyberspace on which individuals can rely. 52 Open conversations and expression of emotions will enable better advice and help each other'southward differences inside the family unit to be respected. The family has to support each other, by trying to observe alternatives (e.g. ...

Τ he empty-nest syndrome is a transitional stage, when eye-aged parents are in the process of encouraging their children to take up their obligations as adults. The empty-nest syndrome is a psychological condition that affects both parents, who experience feelings of grief, loss, fearfulness, inability, difficulty in adjusting roles, and modify of parental relationships, when children leave the parental home. Τhis syndrome has gained special interest in a world where the electric current economic crunch has not only deepened global poverty just also a crunch of values reflected in the dynamic model of the family. The purpose of this review was to appraise the affect of psychosocial stress of the empty- nest syndrome on the parents' well-beingness through the years, during the current socio-economical crisis, taking into account gender, national and cultural groundwork, socio-demographic and other context factors. We addressed the phenomenon of the "Boomerang Kids" and crowded nests equally a issue of current financial instability. Finally, we focused on the strategies which the family can employ to retain their resilience, according to the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping Family resilience framework and self-efficacy models. A literature review was conducted using web-based search engines provided past Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane and PsychINFO. The term "empty nest syndrome'' was combined with women, men, economic crisis, parenthood, stress, menopause, midlife crisis, Boomerang kids, crowded nets, resilience, self-efficacy, wellbeing, and cultural differences. Women and men from diverse cultural groups take a different feel of the empty nest, likewise as ways of coping. Distress acquired by empty nest results in the incidence of symptoms of low, behavioral symptoms and cognitive impairment. In nearly of studies, low marital quality and lack of social support affected negatively on a parent'southward well-being particularly for those experiencing the render of their "Boomerang kids". Withal, the fiscal crisis tin can transform an empty-nest into a "dynamic nest" by community health promotion services. Social support programs should be designed to strengthen family resource and improve family well-existence.

... Moreover, the statistical analysis in the present research showed a pregnant human relationship between resilience and family unit support. This result is consistent by several studies (Herdiana, Handoyo, & Suryanto, 2018;Turliuc, Danila, & Mairean, 2013;Golden, 2001;& Hooper, 2008). Individuals rely on family and pregnant individuals to process and cope with the traumatic experience. ...

  • Fatemah Alghamdi Fatemah Alghamdi

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted people's mental health around the globe. Symptoms of trauma have increased drastically due to a perceived lack of control over the COVID-19 crisis, expectations of death or infection, and constant exposure to traumatic news. Resilience is defined as a person'southward use of coping skills to cope with traumatic events. The nowadays inquiry aimed to investigate the bear on of resilience on COVID-nineteen trauma. An explanatory sequential pattern with mixed methods and 2 phases of research was employed.The kickoff phase involved the apply of the Arabic version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Calibration (CD-RISC) to measure resilience among adults. The total sample size was 778 participants. T tests and correlation analysis were used to analyze the participants' questionnaire responses. The results showed a significant difference in resilience betwixt male person and female person participants. Additionally, educational level and familial support were correlated with resilience.The 2nd phase involved the administration of open-ended questions to gather in-depth data from 17 participants who answered the CD-RISC. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used in the coding process to analyze the qualitative data. The findings indicated that the COVID-nineteen crisis increased trauma symptoms and that participants exhibited cognitive, emotional, and behavioral resilience in coping with the pandemic. Moreover, a significant finding was that participants engaged in posttraumatic reconnection that emphasized reconnection with the self and others.

... [10] eight. Meanwhile, according to Herdiana (2017), the dynamics in the family are very likely to cause a alter in orientation that causes families to become dysfunctional and influence other family unit members. Today, family can exist a protection factor, but information technology won't stay longer. ...

  • Abel Ebiega Enokela

This study attempts an encapsulation of school shooting as a strand of mass violence with the purpose of presenting a perceived effective approach that could be therapeutically adopted for handling traumatized victims of schoolhouse shooting incidents, specially traumatized students. Schoolhouse violence involving firearms and high fatalities have been trending in many parts of the world. Pathetically, virtually of the students who are victims of school shootings receive inadequate or no therapeutic interventions that could help them to recover from the emotional trauma that usually back-trail school violence. Students with trauma symptoms feel dysfunctional adaptation, leading to impairment of daily functionality, distortions in peer interactivity, and disruptive self-expressivity. This study leans on family organisation theory and elucidates how the awarding of this theory could help the traumatized to regain themselves psychosocially in guild to maintain accommodation to function properly in the school or customs.

  • Britta Konz
  • Caterina Rohde-Abuba Caterina Rohde-Abuba

Auf Grundlage einer interdisziplinären qualitativ-empirischen Studie mit muslimischen, christlichen und ezidischen Familien widmet sich dieses Buch der Bedeutung von Organized religion für die Bewältigung (Coping) traumatisierender Erlebnisse in Fluchtprozessen. Mithilfe des Konzepts der VulnerAbility zeigt dieses Buch, wie die Kinder und ihre Eltern durch ihren Glauben und die Zugehörigkeit zu einer Religionsgemeinschaft (Belonging) Handlungsfähigkeit im Sinne einer Agency generieren. In individuellen Adaptionsleistungen passen sie ihr religiöses Erbe, das sich in Gottesbildern und religiösen Relevanzsystemen offenbart, sinnstiftend an neue Lebenskontexte an. Dies erlaubt ihnen durch einen Rückgriff auf ihren Glauben positive Zukunftsimaginationen zu entwickeln, auch wenn sie Religionszugehörigkeiten als Gegenstand gesellschaftlicher Konfliktlinien erlebt haben, die im Herkunftskontext, auf den Fluchtwegen und im deutschen Asylsystem durch Praktiken der Diskriminierung etabliert werden.

  • Diah Hasanah

Al-Qur'ān has provided an platonic family description which is categorized as having to fulfill the elements of sakīnah, mawaddah, and rahmah. Therefore, the thought of family unit resilience emerged equally a response to existing family problems. The changing era from time to time has been influencing the concept and practice of platonic family. This transformation brings almost either negative or positive impact to family live. This became the Persistri'southward motivation to participate in overcoming family problems while maintaining and applying the teachings of the Qur'ān. The purpose of this study is to explore the Persistri's way of overcoming family issues and to explore the concept of family resilience in the version of the Persistri which is based on the verses of the Qur'ān. The research method used is qualitative with information collection based on the results of interviews and observations. This study finds that the existence of the Persistri is helpfull for societies, especially its members in dealing with family problem, the role of persistri in this case lies in its participation in streghtening the resilience of family, in which it is expected by Muslims and the government.

Introduction: Afterward the psychiatric revolution and implementation of deinstitutionalization policies, caring for people with a mental health status shifted from psychiatric hospitals to their families. In this way, family caregivers were forced to take full responsibility for taking care of the patients that lead to the occurrence of challenges for them. Only a few studies have investigated the caregiving challenges of family unit caregivers in patients with schizophrenia. Aim: This written report aimed to gain a better agreement of caregiving burden in family unit caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and its related factors. Materials and methods: This qualitative report was performed based on 12 family caregivers of schizophrenia patients visiting a psychiatric hospital in Tehran in 2018. Sampling was carried out based on the purposive sampling method and was connected until data saturation. All interviews were recorded, transcript, and imported into the MAXQDA software. Then, qualitative content assay was conducted based on Graneheim and Lundman's five-step method. Results: Ane theme, two main categories, and five subcategories were identified from the continuous assay and information comparison. The "Perceived objective burden" equally theme included two chief categories: "Heavy interest of caregivers" and "Challenges of the healthcare arrangement". Conclusion: The results of this study bespeak that the family caregivers of the patients with schizophrenia encounter many problems related to multiple responsibilities in the caring process and challenges in the provision of mental health-care services. This finding could improve psychiatric and mental health nurses' knowledge and awareness nearly caregiving challenges in family caregiver of patients with schizophrenia and related factors.

A family unit resilience framework understands families as having the potential to not only face adversities but to overcome them; although its measurement is not always agreed upon. The aim of this study is to explain the processes involved in the adaptation of the 54-particular family unit resilience assessment scale into Afrikaans, and to further examine its psychometric properties. Data were nerveless via the door-to-door method with the aid of fieldworkers in ii rounds. The pilot sample included 82 participants whilst the larger study included 656 participants. The internal consistency and construct validity was assessed using Cronbach's alphas and Exploratory Cistron Analysis implementing a Principal Component Analysis and Promax rotation, respectively. The factors which were institute are similar to those of Sixbey's, even so, a new factor emerged replacing Maintaining a positive outlook which was named Family and community outlook. The processes described in this study facilitated the assessment of the feasibility and efficiency of the full-scale study and reduced the number of unanticipated problems associated with large sample data collection particularly using fieldworkers.

  • Froma Walsh Froma Walsh

This article presents a brief overview of a family resilience conceptual framework, grounded in a multi-level developmental systems orientation. A family systems perspective broadens attention to resources for private resilience throughout the family unit network of relationships. The concept of family resilience refers to the family unit as a functional organization, impacted by highly stressful events and social contexts, and in turn, facilitating the positive adaptation of all members and strengthening the family unit. A research-informed map of key processes in family resilience is outlined, highlighting the recursive and synergistic influences of transactional processes inside families and with their social environment. Varied process elements may exist more or less useful, depending on different adverse situations over time, with a major crisis, trauma, or loss; disruptive transitions; or chronic multi-stress weather. This perspective is attuned to the diversity of family cultures and structures, their resources and constraints, salient socio-cultural and developmental influences, and the viability of varied pathways in resilience.

  • Melanie Deist
  • Abraham P Greeff Abraham P Greeff

The aim of this written report was to identify factors associated with family resilience in families caring for a parent with dementia. A mixed-methods arroyo was followed to collect data from a convenience sample drawn from the Cape Metropolitan expanse in the Western Cape, S Africa. The written report sample comprised 47 families in which developed children were caring for a parent with dementia. The quantitative data assay was conducted using analyses of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients and a best-subsets multiple regression assay. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic content assay. It was found that acceptance, optimism, positive advice patterns, family connectedness, spirituality, social support, economic resources and the effective management of symptoms helped these families suit to the burdens of dementia care. In addition to expanding the literature regarding family resilience, the findings could be used to develop interventions tailored to the needs of these families caring for a parent with dementia to create a family environment that enhances adjustment and adaptation.

Families of young people with chronic illnesses are more likely to experience higher levels of stress. In turn, their ability to cope with multiple demands is likely to affect young people'southward adaptation. The purpose of this study was to examine psychometric properties of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS), an assessment tool that measures the construct of family resilience. A total of 152 young people with epilepsy, anile 13 to 16years old, from KK Women's and Children'southward Hospital, Singapore, completed the FRAS along with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Calibration. Gene structure of the FRAS was examined. Exploratory gene analysis resulted in a 7-cistron solution - meaning-making and positive outlook, transcendence and spirituality, flexibility and connectedness, social and economic resources (customs), social and economic resource (neighbors), clarity and open emotional expression, and collaborative problem-solving - accounting for 83.0% of the variance. Internal consistency of the scale was loftier (α=0.92). Family resilience was significantly correlated with higher levels of cocky-esteem. Our report provides preliminary findings that suggest that FRAS is a reliable and valid calibration for assessing the construct of family resilience among immature people with epilepsy in Singapore.

Background Supporting family resilience, the ability of families to rebound from stressful events, is a goal of family nursing. Critical care nurses act as liaisons betwixt patients' families and other clinicians and thus are uniquely situated to promote family resilience. Objective To explore how nurses perceive the experiences of long-stay surgical intensive care unit patients and their families in order to proceeds insights on how nurses could cultivate family resilience. Methods A qualitative written report including semistructured interviews (n = 13) and 4 focus groups (due north = 17) with nurses in 3 surgical intensive care units in a large teaching hospital. Results Three themes were identified: expectations, support, and advice. Nurses noted that clinicians' and families' unrealistic expectations regarding the patient's recovery can foster false promise. Nurses recognized families as "cheerers" who provide support by being involved in patient care and observed how extensive family unit interest can be beneficial to patients only overwhelming for families. Nurses noted that communication among providers, families, and patients is the cornerstone of creating meaningful relationships. Nurses stated that with many teams involved, discrepancies in information can occur and often misfile and disturb patients' families. Thus, nurses identified ways to enhance family unit resilience through routine and consistent communication. Conclusions Nurses notation unique stresses faced by families of patients in surgical intensive intendance units. Using the family unit resilience model, nurses can place and enhance key family resilience factors.